Child

The Canadian Occupational Therapy Inter-relational Practice Process (COTIPP) Framework, drawn from previous Canadian practice frameworks (i.e., the CPPF and CMCE), aims to describe the collaborative, inter-relational, and rights-based practice of occupational therapy. The COTIPP places ‘build and sustain relationship’ in the centre of the framework, indicating as the essential underlying process of occupational therapy practice. The outer edge of the framework contains an additional three foundational process that occupational therapists engage in throughout practice.

The Canadian Model of Occupational Participation (CanMOP) is described as an iteration of the Canadian occupation model, which assists occupational therapists to collaboratively reflect on occupational participation. Defined as having access to, initiating, and sustaining valued occupations within meaningful relationships and contexts, occupational participation is placed as a central focus in the CanMOP, guiding therapists look beyond occupational performance and engagement.

Theories, models, and frameworks provide the foundation for occupational therapy education, research, and clinical practice. While most have a systems approach focus, other factors, such as societal influences and structural inequities, also contribute to health. Using a cross-sectional design, this study identified the gaps in occupational therapy models of practice and presents a novel approach, the PAIRE (Recognize Privilege, Acknowledge Injustice, and Reframe Perspective to Reach Equity) Model.

This model consists of three dynamic interacting dimensions: exacting (experiences of everyday occupation exceeding one’s actual skills), flowing (experiences with a reasonable match between skills and challenges), and calming (experiences of low challenge, relaxation, boredom, or apathy. These dimensions have different relationship with one another. All of them and their relationships are important to achieve balance in occupational life, and to promote health and well-being.

This model of the PECO focuses on how children develop their occupations. It describes the process stages in which children go through as they initiate new occupations and continue cease or transfer current ones. Each stage is represented in rectangles. Within the pathway, the arrows indicate the direction of the process, which can go either way depending on children’s behaviors. The pathway starts from exposure and innate drive, then no initiation/initiation, to cessation/continuation, eventually ends with re-initiation/ transformation.

This model presents a hierarchy of family-therapist involvement in occupational therapy services, with associated attitudes, specific knowledge, and skills that enable therapists to operate at each level. 

The first level, no family involvement, outlines the traditional medical model of intervention. This level focuses on technical skills which are expected of entry-level therapists, with no awareness of the role of the family and client’s social context. It provides the basis for alternative types of family involvement. 

This model of practice is based on the theoretical concepts relating to the child, environment, task, and the interaction among these key factors and the child’s participation in different occupations. A goodness-of-fit of those factors is necessary for successful participation in occupations.

This model aims to conceptualize children’s underlying skills and behavioral elements characteristic of play, as well as the influences that both individual and environmental factors. Embedded in the play environment and cultural and familial milieu, this model includes developmental play capacities (cognitive, physical and social play skills) and individual play style (internal control, freedom to suspend reality and intrinsic motivation) that make up the child’s contribution to the play transaction. Play reflects the child’s cognitive, motor, language and social skills.

This model comprises of four components including Assistive Computer Technology (ACT) service delivery (evaluation and training), the provision of ACT devices, education, and coordination and collaboration. ACT service delivery includes evaluation, training, and coordination of technology services. A service delivery team includes an occupational therapist, computer specialist, education specialist, and augmentative communication specialist. The team is responsible for conducting assessment and providing training for students who are in needs.

This model consists of a continuum with five steps, each facilitating change for subsequent stages of mental health in families that are socially isolated. The five steps are (1) developmental casework, (2) mutual support, (3) coalitions of mutual interest, (4) pro-active community participation, and (5) social movements. Development casework is an individual therapy focusing on occupational behavior and role acquisition through participating in daily activities.