Elderly

The Canadian Occupational Therapy Inter-relational Practice Process (COTIPP) Framework, drawn from previous Canadian practice frameworks (i.e., the CPPF and CMCE), aims to describe the collaborative, inter-relational, and rights-based practice of occupational therapy. The COTIPP places ‘build and sustain relationship’ in the centre of the framework, indicating as the essential underlying process of occupational therapy practice. The outer edge of the framework contains an additional three foundational process that occupational therapists engage in throughout practice.

The Canadian Model of Occupational Participation (CanMOP) is described as an iteration of the Canadian occupation model, which assists occupational therapists to collaboratively reflect on occupational participation. Defined as having access to, initiating, and sustaining valued occupations within meaningful relationships and contexts, occupational participation is placed as a central focus in the CanMOP, guiding therapists look beyond occupational performance and engagement.

Theories, models, and frameworks provide the foundation for occupational therapy education, research, and clinical practice. While most have a systems approach focus, other factors, such as societal influences and structural inequities, also contribute to health. Using a cross-sectional design, this study identified the gaps in occupational therapy models of practice and presents a novel approach, the PAIRE (Recognize Privilege, Acknowledge Injustice, and Reframe Perspective to Reach Equity) Model.

This model consists of three dynamic interacting dimensions: exacting (experiences of everyday occupation exceeding one’s actual skills), flowing (experiences with a reasonable match between skills and challenges), and calming (experiences of low challenge, relaxation, boredom, or apathy. These dimensions have different relationship with one another. All of them and their relationships are important to achieve balance in occupational life, and to promote health and well-being.

This model suggests that occupational therapists working with older adults with low vision should extend beyond compensatory techniques (e.g., modifying physical environmental and providing technology) to the community for social integration. Occupational therapists can accompany clients to nearby grocery stores, places of worship and community centers. Occupational therapists can also make recommendation to owners to eliminate environmental barriers and encourage clients to self-advocate.

This model is symbolized as an infinity symbol, which emphasizes that independence is a continuum without a start or an end. An individual’s independence can exist at any point within this continuum. Inside the symbol, there are two sides representing two themes, they are personal factors and environmental factors. The lighter (left) side of the model represents personal factors, which consists of personal attributes.

This model is a service delivery model that aims to provide a framework for occupational therapists to design and evaluate services for people living with HIV. It focuses on designing and evaluating interventions that target outcomes in activity and social participation. It comprises of the following components, prominent features of living with HIV, service delivery principles, promising interventions, and person-environment interactions across micro, meso, and macro levels of the environment.

This model aims to assist practitioners in understanding decision-making process of people with stroke in community participation. It is depicted as a scale with the fulcrum in the middle, with the facilitators and barriers placed on either end with different amount of the impacts (factors placed further from center represents higher impact on decision making). The balance scale represents the concept of weighting thought, desire, or request for going out into the community that from oneself, caregiver, or significant others.

This framework describes different aspects of cognitive strategy use to support practitioners’ clinical reasoning about clients’ reasoning and successful strategy use. It divides strategy use into four aspects, relevant to the task, each rated by therapists’ observation. The first aspect, prerequisites for effective cognitive strategy use, relevant prior to a task, includes the person’s strategy knowledge, strategy repertoire, strategy beliefs, anticipation and recognition of needs, and strategy generation and selection.

This framework aims to guide clinical reasoning with respect to describing, analyzing, and selecting a potential strategy for a client’s unique performance problem. It identifies seven general attributes that can be used to describe and organize cognitive strategies. They are: